Cast iron or steel? Are you planning for this to be show piece or for actual use?
If it's just for show, I guess bondo, microlite, or your favorite body filler would be fine. Though obviously if you ever try to burn the stove, that stuff or anything along those same lines (body filler, epoxy, fill-n-sand primer) will burn right up. The old body work guys would use lead solder, but I'd worry that would melt back off the stove and/or give off fumes while burning.
If you actually want to use the stove, you're going to be pretty limited. You might try adding some weld filler on a steel stove, or braze and grind down the excess on cast iron or steel. Obviously if it's a large surface, that is going to take some time. It would be expensive as heck, but for filling pits in steel items to be chrome plated, a shop will often copper plate first, then grind and polish to a smooth finish. I don't know why you couldn't do the same with stove parts if it's critical to have a smooth finish.