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Last year I rebuilt a Woodstock Fireview that was sitting in a leaky barn or shed since 1998. The stove was pretty much a rust bucket but was never fired. The ceramic cat was in good shape and fired up just fine.
And no, improper storage is unlikely to damage the cat. The active coating is precious metal, Pd/Pt/Rh or thereabouts, that doesn't degrade. The shell of a steel cat is likely some high-temperature stainless steel, a standard carbon steel wouldn't stand up to the operating conditions anyway, so I would not be worried there, either.
You can, however, deactivate the cat by depositing debris on the active surface. So if you're storing your cat unpackaged in a sawmill shop with lots of dust flying around, it may not like that. But if it's just sitting in a cardboard box on a shelf somewhere in the basement, that won't degrade for decades.