I have young kids and read about PM2.5 a lot before burning wood in our house.
I'm a software developer and have invested in multiple air quality sensors that measure PM2.5 and VOCs among other things.
I plan on having a more detailed post about this but I can not replicate these results. I have the PM2.5 monitor in my stove room too and never see a spike. Sure it might go from 1ppm to 4ppm and that's 4x, but it's still nothing crazy like they (and other studies I've seen) report.
I can get the sensor to really go crazy putting it above the door with a half burned log rolled near the front of the door. But as for that room and the whole house in general I don't see any difference.
Cooking makes the VOCs go off the charts and raises PM2.5 more and we have an electronic stove.
Anyway I'm very interested in this and plan on investigating them more. I might even create similar sensors to send to members for our own tests if people are interested.
I can see if you reload with wetter wood and it's not down to coal and you load e/w and you have a week draft that the smoke could really roll in. There is for sure good and bad practice. I try to keep all my wood ready to load and get the door shut quickly. If I open the door I make sure it's mostly hot coals going. Cracking a window, etc... Making smart choices can make a big difference.
One thing I like about not having an outdoor air kit is that the air on constantly recycling in my house, especially with the window open. I described the air in our house to my wife by saying it's lime a river, instead of a pond, always moving and staying fresh. I know that's a draft to some people and. It efficient but I think it's healthy. That said I live in the country and to the west wind there isn't another house for miles and lots of national forest. So I'm not worrying about someone polluting the air coming in.
With an outdoor air kit and a tight house I can see that stuff building up quick if you're spilling smoke out the door.
All this said I always have a window cracked now that I'm hyper away of how quickly VOCs can build up in the winter. Especially if you don't run your kitchen vent and keep temps above 70F.
Here is the sensor I currently use the most, it is not widely available in the US for whatever reason.
All that said I think it's something we should be aware of rather than scoff at.
More to come later.